Inariyama Sword

The iron Inariyama burial-mound sword (稲荷山古墳出土鉄剣, inariyama kofun shutsudo tekken) or kinsakumei tekken (金錯銘鉄剣) was excavated in 1968 at the Inariyama Kofun, a megalithic tomb located in Saitama Prefecture. In 1978, X-ray analysis revealed a gold-inlaid inscription that comprises at least 115 Chinese characters. This sword was described as the discovery of the century for the study of ancient Japanese history. The sword is designated a national treasure of Japan and is on display in the Saitama Prefectural Museum of the Sakitama Ancient Burial Mounds.

Creation

Japanese research suggests that the metal used in the sword was smelted from copper-bearing magnetite originating in the Jiangnan region of China, later brought to Japan, and then used to forge the sword.^[1]

Inscription

The inscription is in classical Chinese, but includes several Japanese proper names written using Chinese characters as syllabograms.^[2] The original inscription and translation (by Murayama Shichirō and Roy Andrew Miller) is as follows.^[3]

Front

Front

辛亥年七月中記	Inscribed in the seventh lunar month of a xīn-hài year:
乎獲居臣	Wo wakë omi:
上祖名意富比垝	[his] remote ancestor's name, Öpö piko;
其児多加利足尼	his child's name, Takari tsukunie;
其児名弖已加利獲居	his child's name, Teyö kari wakë;
其児名多加披次獲居	his child's name, Takapatsï wakë;
其児名多沙鬼獲居	his child's name, Tasakï wakë;
其児名半弖比	his child's name, Pandepi;

Reverse

Reverse

其児名加差披余	his child's name, Katsapaya;
其児名乎獲居臣	his child's name, Wo wakë omi.
世々爲杖刀人首	From generation unto generation, we have served as the sword-bearers' chiefs,
奉事來至今	down to the present time.
獲加多支鹵大王寺在斯鬼宮時	When the great king Waka Takiru's court was in the Sikï palace,
吾左治天下	I, assisting in the governance of the realm,
令作此百練利刀	caused to be fashioned this well-wrought efficacious sword,
記吾奉事根原也	recording my origins in service.

Interpretation

The year is denoted as "xin-hai" (that is "Year of the Metal Pig") according to the Chinese sexagenary cycle, in which the name of the year is recycled every 60 years. It is generally regarded in Japan to correspond to 471 AD, but Seeley suggests that 531 is a more likely date.^[4] The person buried in the tomb, named Wowake, was an influential warrior in the region. King Waka Takiru in the transcription is thought to be the same person as Ōhatsuse-wakatakeru-no-mikoto as mentioned in the Nihon Shoki, an alias of Emperor Yūryaku.^[5] The name Waka Takiru is also apparently mentioned on another inscribed sword, the Eta Funayama Sword.

Notes

^ 増澤 (Masuzawa), 文武 (Fumitake) (September 2006). "X 線がいざなう古代の世界: 埼玉県・熊本県出土金銀象嵌銘刀剣が伝えた時代 (The Ancient World Opened Up by X-rays: Antiquity as Told by Gold- and Silver-inlaid Swords Unearthed in Saitama and Kumamoto Prefectures)" (PDF). 日本放射線技術学会近畿部会雑誌 (Journal of the Japan Society of Radiological Technology, Kinki Branch) (in Japanese). 12 (2). Tenri, Nara: 日本放射線技術学会 (Japan Society of Radiological Technology, Kinki Branch): 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2012-06-09. ...保管していた位置を確定でいない錆の分析の結果, 中国山東省から揚子江沿岸の江南地方の含銅磁鉄鉱を精錬して作られた地金であり, 大陸から輸入して国内で鍛冶を行い剣とされたことが推定できた。 (... The results of analyzing rust for which the storage location could not be determined showed that the metal was from Shandong Province in China, made by smelting copper-bearing magnetite from the Jiangnan region along the banks of the Yangtze River, from which it was inferred that the metal was imported from the continent and then forged into a sword in-country [in Japan].)
^ Murayama & Miller (1979), p. 405.
^ Murayama & Miller (1979), pp. 421–422.
^ Seeley (1991), p. 23.
^ Joan R. Piggott, The Emergence of Japanese Kingship, Stanford University Press, 1997

Works cited

Murayama, Shichirō; Miller, Roy Andrew (1979). "The Inariyama Tumulus Sword Inscription". Journal of Japanese Studies. 5 (2): 405–438. doi:10.2307/132104. JSTOR 132104.
Seeley, Christopher (1991). A History of Writing in Japan. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 19–23. ISBN 90-04-09081-9.

External links

Picture of the sword Archived 2008-05-17 at the Wayback Machine

[JSRT-1] 増澤 (Masuzawa), 文武 (Fumitake) (September 2006). "X 線がいざなう古代の世界: 埼玉県・熊本県出土金銀象嵌銘刀剣が伝えた時代 (The Ancient World Opened Up by X-rays: Antiquity as Told by Gold- and Silver-inlaid Swords Unearthed in Saitama and Kumamoto Prefectures)" (PDF). 日本放射線技術学会近畿部会雑誌 (Journal of the Japan Society of Radiological Technology, Kinki Branch) (in Japanese). 12 (2). Tenri, Nara: 日本放射線技術学会 (Japan Society of Radiological Technology, Kinki Branch): 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2012-06-09. ...保管していた位置を確定でいない錆の分析の結果, 中国山東省から揚子江沿岸の江南地方の含銅磁鉄鉱を精錬して作られた地金であり, 大陸から輸入して国内で鍛冶を行い剣とされたことが推定できた。 (... The results of analyzing rust for which the storage location could not be determined showed that the metal was from Shandong Province in China, made by smelting copper-bearing magnetite from the Jiangnan region along the banks of the Yangtze River, from which it was inferred that the metal was imported from the continent and then forged into a sword in-country [in Japan].)

[FOOTNOTEMurayamaMiller1979405-2] Murayama & Miller (1979), p. 405.

[FOOTNOTEMurayamaMiller1979421–422-3] Murayama & Miller (1979), pp. 421–422.

[FOOTNOTESeeley199123-4] Seeley (1991), p. 23.

[5] Joan R. Piggott, The Emergence of Japanese Kingship, Stanford University Press, 1997

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